The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Example for Free

The Change in Family Roles in British Society Essay Family structure and family roles within British society have changed dramatically over the years. This essay will explain the changes in the roles and relationships within the family in the last century. The arrival of the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism can be seen as the main factor which led to the change in family roles and structure in modern times. Michael Young and Peter Willmott in their book The Symmetrical Family suggest that the family in England has gone through four stages: The Pre-industrial family: The family is seen as an organised unit of production; family members worked together as a unit in the manufacture of agricultural items or textiles. The early industrial family: Family members at this stage are employed as wage earners. This kind of family prevailed in the 19th century when wages were low and unemployment was the enemy. The familys economic function was taken over by large scale industry. In response, families extended their network of relationships to include relatives. Women were for the most part responsible for this. There was a central relationship between a mother and her married daughter; by contrast the husband-wife relationship was weak. Women formed an ‘informal trade union’ from which men were excluded. This kind of family may still be found in long established working class areas. The symmetrical family: The nuclear family has become emphasised at the expense of the extended family and the ‘trade union’ of women has been disbanded. The husband is important once again within the family. Husband and wife share decisions, and work together, hence the term ‘symmetrical’. This kind of family emerged in middle classes and spread into working classes. Work is important in shaping the nature of family life. There are five reasons for the rise of the symmetrical family. The increase in male wages and the employment of women, the decrease of male mortality and unemployment rate, the increase in geographical mobility, the economic equality between spouses and finally the better living standards attracting men to their homes and leading to an increase in home entertainment. The Stage 4 asymmetrical family: Young and Wilmott foresee the development of a stage 4 family, which is an extension of their theory of the ‘Principle of Stratified Diffusion’. According to this theory, patterns of living spread down the social structure. Thus families at the bottom of the social order will copy the habits of those at the top. Applying this theory, they note that managing directors’ lives are work centred rather than home-centred. For such men sport, such as golf, is an important area of recreation. The relationship has become asymmetrical again, with the role of the wife being to look after children. Talcott Parsons believed that the extended family of the past, where each member of the family had a duty to perform including children who had to look after the elderly members of their family, served a number of functions in society. These functions have been taken over in industrial societies by specialist institutions such as the social services and schools. According to Parsons, industrialisation led to a move from extended families where fathers had to be the bread winner and mothers had to be the house wife who does not have any rights, and children from age 8 had to be at work helping their parents, to a nuclear family, where mothers and fathers have almost the same roles and rights, and where children become less dependent and have to stay in school to the age of 16. The structure of the family has changed for a number of reasons. The first is economic. Because more women are in paid work they become more independent. Before, women used to be house wives and they had no rights at all. The second reason for family change is moral. In the past, people could not have children without being married, to the extent that children born outside marriage were given to their grandparents to look after them, or given to work houses. Nowadays, fewer people seem to subscribe to traditional religious teachings on family and marriage; therefore people are free to make sexual and moral choices without any pressure of society. The third reason for family change is legal. Because of recent family law changes it has become a lot easier to get divorced. Before 1857 a private act of parliament was required to obtain divorce and only wealthy people were able to get divorce because of the cost involved. In the past, child abuse and women battering by their husbands were accepted forms of behaviour and women had no right to complain or to take any legal action against men. The BMA report on Domestic Violence (1998) recorded that, 1 in 4 women every year experience Domestic violence and 1 in 10 women experience domestic violence in their lives. However, in 1990, the home office instructed the police to treat domestic violence the same as any form of violence. In 1961, for the first time, women were able to decide if they want to have children or not and whether to have family or not. Also women’s priorities changed from getting married, looking after the family and having as many children as possible. Nowadays, women’s priorities are totally different; they want to be educated and to have the best career they can possibly have. Previously, women had to cope with their partner, even if they do not get on well together, single parenting was not accepted at all Today the welfare state supports women and their children if a relationship fails. Therefore, single parent families are able to survive on low incomes, which are provided by the state. This may account for the recent increase in single parent families as compared with to those days when divorced women had no support whatsoever from the government. To sum up, the last hundred years have witnessed a tendency towards more equality between men and women in terms of education, employment and legal rights. This has led to better individual conditions for both men and women. However, family life has not necessarily benefitted from the above. Instead, single parent families, with their negative impact on children, have increased dramatically and new less natural alternatives to the nuclear family, such as gay associations, have appeared in society.

Essay on Voltaires Candide - Fallacy of Optimism Exposed

Fallacy of Optimism Exposed in Candide In Candide, Voltaire paints a dismal and satirical view of the world. Voltaire paints a pessimistic portrait of a naà ¯ve youth who is raised to believe that this is best of all worlds. Time and again, Voltaire clearly portrays his belief that this is not the best of all possible worlds.    The characters of the story face great adversity. In chapter 10, Cunegonde states that her misfortune is so great that she does not see how the old woman's story of woe can surpass her own. In chapters 11 and 12 the old woman then goes onto tell of her misfortune. When she finishes Candide and Cunegonde are amazed at the hard times this woman has faced. At the proposal of the old woman, Candide and Cunegonde ask others on the ship relate their adventures, and sure enough, the others on the boat have stories that can match or surpass Cunegonde's tale of woe.    Throughout most of the book, Voltaire pokes fun at Leibniz's that according to the hierarchical structure of monads that this is best of all possible worlds. Candide and Pangloss are the main characters used to satirize the belief that this is the best of all possible worlds. Pangloss is a blind optimist; he refused to see things being anything other than the best. No matter what sort of natural disaster or misfortune falls upon someone Pangloss heralds it is being for the best.   Candide-the naà ¯ve follower of Pangloss-is first a blind follower of Pangloss, but eventually comes to reject his teachings. In chapter 3 after meeting John the Anabaptist, Candide affirms, "now I am convinced that my Master Pangloss told me truth when he said that everything was for the best in this world." However, in the beginning of Chapter 4 only few p... ...t this is not the best of all possible worlds. Though some good things happen along their adventures, Candide's fellow adventurers face great misfortune. Eventually they are forced to live a life of labor-not at all befitting their noble ancestry. Though greatly disappointed with their outcome all but Candide insist on claiming that all is for the best. The complete absurdity that one could go through as much and end up in the place where they end up and still claim that all was for the best furthers Voltaire's belief in the fallacy of systematic optimism.    Works Cited and Consulted: Frautschi, R.L. Barron's Simplified Approach to Voltaire: Candide. New York: Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1998. Lowers, James K, ed. "Cliff Notes on Voltaire's Candide". Lincoln: Cliff Notes, Inc. 1995. Voltaire. Candide. New York: Viking Publishers, 1996.

Rhetorical Analysis – Arts in Public Schools

Funding for the Arts in Public Schools Rhetorical Analysis The arts, although important to be accessible to school children, has become a privilege for public schools due to budget cuts. In â€Å"Arts Education in Secondary Schools: Effects and Effectiveness. † by John Harland it is stressed that the arts ignite creativity that is crucial in childhood development. Likewise, in â€Å"Despite White House Report Advocating Arts Education, Budget Face Cuts. by Matt Phifer, published by ABC News, the importance of keeping the arts in pubic schools in addressed. Both articles effectively serve their purpose through a strong use of logos. Harland successfully wins his audience with his use of ethos and analogies, and Phifer has the same success through figurative language and expert testimonies. Right from the start, Harland makes his credibility clear. He states, â€Å"As an educator, a student, and a researcher†¦ †, this specific use of ethos is established early on to earn the reader’s respect.He continues to establishes himself by stating his report â€Å"was not only an accurate reflection of the children studied, but also of myself†. In addition, this peer reviewed article provides the reader with an over indulgence of charts, statistics, and report explanations to set a clear use of logos. Among the many charts provided, one of the most effective stand alone sets presents a side-by-side comparison of the average IQ of students who took arts courses as part of their curriculum, against those who lacked access to those courses.The chart is made very easy for the reader to comprehend and the remarkable data shows clear evidence in a larger average IQ among those who had substantial exposure to arts courses over those who hadn’t. Furthermore, Harland would take supportive statistics and flat out state them to his audience. For example he extended the data from his charts by stating, â€Å"In year 10, students with exposure to the arts had 67% higher intelligence scores than those without. †.Not only was clear evidence provided in this report, but a clear interpretation followed it, to make sure the audience was in complete understanding of the results. Harland also included some data that the common American might find to be irrelevant, such as, the rate of pay the teachers of arts courses may receive in contrast to that of teachers of â€Å"core classes† (math, English, etc;), however he pieced together clever analogies so his audience could not only relate to the information, but agree with it as well. His audience definitely had more knowledge on Harland’s point of view by the end of the report.In a popular article published by ABC News, â€Å"Despite White House Report Advocating Arts Education Budgets Face Cuts† by Matt Phifer, it is shown how important arts education is, what it has taught past generations, and why it is important for the future of our country. Phifer begins his article by providing his audience with specific background information and establishing a sense of knowledgeability towards his subject. This is followed up by straight up facts about the budget cuts the nation’s public schools will face.He explains to his audience how the No Child Left Behind Law had hurt a student’s ability to take more arts courses in conjunction with the regular curriculum. â€Å"A study found that 47% of respondents claim their art schedules were being interrupted more often†¦ † as well as, â€Å"the research showed arts-involved students usually perform 16 to 28 percent better than their peers who are not involved in the arts. † and also â€Å"The study showed a correlation between involvement in music and proficiency in math† are just a few of his very specific examples.His audience, who are most likely to be American parents, can definitely be intrigued by Phifer’s article, as it can lead them to want to make sure that arts education is accessible to their own children. To enhance the value of the statistics provided, Phifer also interviewed some key experts in this research. He provided claims made by highly credible sources. One expert testimony included, â€Å"You see the American flag, which is considered art. You see any piece of artwork say you see a Picasso, you know that that’s Picasso because you’ve grown up learning about the arts and being involved in art. this makes it clear that the absence of art would take away general knowledge. Surely, the audience can feel comfort in agreeing with Phifer, but also a disease towards their children’s future. Both articles provide strong evidence towards the claims they make. They convince their audience of their take on the situation and allow the reader to walk away from the article with more knowledge than they had before. The rhetorical devices used by Harland, and by Phifer were able to effectively lead their audience to understanding and relating to all of their evidence.

The Issue Of Reproductive Cloning - 833 Words

Reproductive cloning has been shown to be unethical through scientific evidences. Human cloning has proven to cause uncertain health defects, contradicted religious beliefs, and diminished the value of life. Reproductive cloning is currently prohibited in the United States, but in other countries, it is legal. Some individuals have started protesting against human cloning. Solutions to end this horrendous procedure is to enforce reproductive cloning to be prohibited throughout countries/continents and discontinue research regards to human cloning. Infertility couples and gender-identical couples have other options such as adoption and In Vitro fertilization. Medical schools and students should raise awareness concerning the dangers of cloning. Counseling groups with family members and individuals who lost their loved ones would be another solution. If this procedure is prohibited throughout the world then it will prevent the misuse of the practice. The topic will no longer be a deba table issue. Scientists can focus on other significant complications. If research purposes were prohibited then the United States and other continents will be reducing their debt. When it comes to research for human cloning, the cost is approximately $250,000. There were hundreds of research regards to cloning throughout the years, with many failures. This means that an enormous amount of money has been thrown away. The money can be put into other essential research. For example, money can beShow MoreRelatedThe First Human Clone : Real Stories930 Words   |  4 Pageshighlights the controversial issue of human cloning. The documentary has shown the development of a ten-cell human embryo along with explaining the science behind this extraordinary procedure. Human cloning has raised complex ethical challenges for the people involved, the healthcare staff and the society on the whole. New definitions of parents and children are created by infertility treatments and a rethinking of tra ditional concepts of family is required. Human reproductive cloning should be banned becauseRead More Human Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Reproductive Cloning Should be Banned The issues concerning human reproductive cloning are shrouded in controversy, perhaps overshadowing the true advantages of cloning technology. Therapeutic cloning, which is often misunderstood as reproductive cloning, is less controversial than the latter as it does not involve the creating of an individual being. Instead, vital stem cells are extracted from human embryos, in order to generate tissues and organs for transplant. The goal of thisRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1098 Words   |  5 Pages1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or pluripotent stemRead MoreThe Human Of Human Cloning1100 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Cloning 1. INTRODUCTION Human  cloning  is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. However, this term not only refers to the entire artificial human, but also the reproduction of human cells and tissues. There are two types of theoretical human cloning: reproductive cloning which would involve making an entire cloned human and the other, therapeutic cloning, which would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants by somatic-cell nuclear transfer orRead MoreWhat Are the Ethical Issues of Human Cloning1463 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversy regarding the issue of human cloning in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia which have made attempts or have done research in reproductive cloning. Countries like Australia have prohibited human cloning in 2006. (NHMRC, 2007) Advocates who involve congress members, editorial writers, fertility specialists...and so on gave benefits of human cloning, yet not enough to justify the moral and ethic al issues underlying the controversy. Human cloning refers to the creationRead MoreThe Use Of Genetics And Reproduction Essay1052 Words   |  5 Pagesrelationship issues, insurance, financial cost, privacy and discrimination. Genetic testing gives limited information about an inherited gene or condition. Limitations of a genetic test include: inability to determine when symptoms will occur, the severity of symptoms, or progression of disorder over time. Genetic testing is also limited on treatment options once a diagnosis is confirmed. Genetic testing provides families with a chance to make informative decisions and reproductive choices. GeneticRead MoreCloning as Solution to Food Shortages and Needs for New Medicine1436 Words   |  6 Pagesthink that there could ever be a solution to these issues. Cloning could be one of the many solutions to the problems that are afflicting the world as we know it. But that has many people wondering what exactly cloning is, and, more importan tly why people do it. Knowing what cloning is, why people do it, and other opinions and feelings about cloning could help us solve these issues. To clone means to create a genetic copy of another organism. Cloning depends on there being two cells, one of a female’sRead MoreThe First Ever Demonstration Of Artificial Embryo Twinning1497 Words   |  6 PagesCloning is the process by which a genetically identical copy of an organism has naturally occurred or been created in a laboratory. A process of cloning can be completed on a wide range of biological materials, including genes, tissues, cells and entire organisms (Genetics Generation, 2015). The first-ever demonstration of artificial embryo twinning was accomplished on a sea urchin by Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch in 1885 (Oppenheimer, 2016), yet the most significant cloning example was attained in 1996Read MoreShould Cloning Be Allowed?1440 Words   |  6 Pageshuman cloning is becoming a feasible practice. Recently there has been a successful cloning of a sheep, so scientists start to speculate the different uses of cloning human embryos. The three forms of cloning t hat stand out are reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning, and cloning for scientific research. Cloning should be permitted, but only reproductive cloning should be permitted with a limit on the number of babies a person or family can reproduce. The arguments that support cloning dependRead MoreIs Cloning Ethical Or Moral?1617 Words   |  7 PagesCloning is one of the most controversial topics in all of science in the current day. Technology has come miles from where it has been, and we still have yet to perfect how it is used. When I chose this topic as one of the two I had to pick from the list, I didn’t really know how cloning worked or how I actually felt about the on-going conversation of whether or not cloning is ethical or moral, much less legal. What I have come to conclude after the various articles I have read, and the different

What Do Tattoos And Piercings Affect The Perception That...

What does a professional Medical Assistant wear to work? How about to an interview? And how do tattoos and piercings affect the perception that prospective employers, fellow employees and patients form about an applicant? Manner of dress and personal appearance present a lasting first impression that can counterbalance an outstanding resume, and can make or break the chance to gain employment in the medical field. At Carrington College the dress code includes grey scrubs with the Carrington logo, and closed leather or leather-like shoes. It is a requirement that nails be kept short, with clear polish (if any), and that males with facial hair keep beards and/or mustaches neat and clean. Women’s hair is pulled away from their faces during lab, and jewelry kept to a minimum. A wedding ring is allowed, earrings that do not dangle, and a watch with a second hand is acceptable. The college manual indicates that a student will be sent home for the day if unacceptably dressed. S ome students object and feel strongly that this policy is too strict. There is, however, a reason for the dress code. The ability to adhere to a set of standards for the profession in the classroom carries over into the workplace. Professional attire is essential for appearance as well as student and patient safety. In the book â€Å"Can I Wear My Nose Ring to the Interview?† (Ellen Gordon Reeves, p. xi), the author gives a very succinct answer to the question posed in the title: â€Å"Yes. If you wearShow MoreRelatedTattoos and Body Piercing in the Workforce1414 Words   |  6 PagesTattoos and Body Piercing in the Workforce What canvas holds some of the most creative artwork today? If you guessed the human skin, you would be right. However, about three decades ago, one would only find these types of markings and insignias on what would be considered the â€Å"rough† crowd: bikers, sailors, gang members, and prison inmates. Today; however, tattoos and piercings can be seen on nearly anyone from the age of 15 and up. Not to mention, these body modifications can be found on allRead More2012-Professionalism-in-the-Workplace-Study12792 Words   |  52 Pagesstudy. Despite the apparent generation gap, the majority of both managers and HR respondents feel that the definition of what is professional should not be subject to change. The attitude appears to be that young employees should learn to conform to current standards of professionalism rather than the standards being modified in response to larger societal changes. Differences that do exist between manager and HR respondents are not surprisin g. HR respondents encounter the employee either during theRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesCompany Index 395 Subject Index 398 v Contents PART 1 UNDERSTANDING HRM Chapter 1 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Learning Outcomes 2 Introduction 4 5 Understanding Cultural Environments 4 The Changing World of Technology What Is a Knowledge Worker? 6 How Technology Affects HRM Practices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels

The Death Penalty Debate Essay - 1638 Words

In the United States, the use of the death penalty continues to be a controversial issue. Every election year, politicians, wishing to appeal to the moral sentiments of voters, routinely compete with each other as to who will be toughest in extending the death penalty to those persons who have been convicted of first-degree murder. Both proponents and opponents of capital punishment present compelling arguments to support their claims. Often their arguments are made on different interpretations of what is moral in a just society. In this essay, I intend to present major arguments of those who support the death penalty and those who are opposed to state sanctioned executions application . However, I do intend to fairly and accurately†¦show more content†¦In view of these safeguards, proponents of capital punishment believe that state executions are justified sentences for those convicted of willful first-degree murder. They do not think sentencing murderers to prison is a har sh enough sentence, especially if there is the possibility of parole for the perpetrator. A final argument posed by proponents of the death penalty is that execution is an effective deterrence. They are convinced that potential murderers will likely think twice before they commit murder. Despite the rhetoric of politicians for the increased use of the death penalty, a number of prominent individuals and organizations have emerged to express their opposition to capital punishment. Along with families of death row prisoners, the International Court of The Hague, the United Nations, Amnesty International, the Texas Conference of Churches, Pope John Paul II, Nobel Peace recipient, Bishop Tutu, numerous judges and former prosecutors, former Attorney General, Ramsey Clark, actors, and writers are waging a determined struggle against the death penalty. They invariably argue that capital punishment is wrong and inhumane. Religious folk generally evoke the nature of an â€Å"ideal spiritual community† (Cauthen, 1). Within this perspective, a moral and ethical community does not insist on a life for a life. While a community must act to protect law- abiding citizens, an ethical response would be toShow MoreRelatedThe Debate On Death Penalty1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe debate on death penalty In her book Last Words From Death Row: The Walls Unit, Norma Herrera writes about the tribulations she and her family went through while trying to free her brother, Leonel, from the death row. Despite showing glaring and overwhelming evidence claiming his innocence, Leonel was sentenced to death for a crime that he did not commit. His last words to the world were, â€Å"I am innocent, innocent, innocent. I am an innocent man, and something very wrong is taking place tonightRead MoreDeath Penalty Debate2037 Words   |  9 PagesDeath Penalty Debate Paper BCOM/275 The death penalty is an issue that has continually created conflict in today’s society. Many people arguing whether or not the death penalty should exist. Who’s to say whether the death penalty is a form of justice and therefore a valid and appropriate punishment or whether it is a â€Å"cruel and unusual† form of punishment. â€Å"The Arizona Supreme Court threw out the death sentences for a Tucson man who bludgeoned his girlfriend and her two childrenRead MoreThe Debate On The Death Penalty1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe debate on the death penalty has been the ongoing question for generations. There are plenty of different sides to take on this issue. You have the side where some people think that putting prisoners to death is inhumane and that no matter what they did putting a human to death is wrong. While others may think that if the crime is extreme enough that the prisoner who committed this crime should pay for it with their own life. Throughout history there have been several instances where prisonersRead MoreThe Debate On The Death Penalty1892 Words   |  8 PagesDeath Penalty The debate on if the death penalty is ethical is something that is a long-standing debate depending on what side of the issue you are on. Both sides of this issue have their points yet there are always things about the issue that kept it in the forefront. The right to life is taken for granted without thinking twice, however, due to the laws of this country the freedom we take for granted can be taken away with the mistakes we made. Looking at both sides of the issue gives insightRead MoreDeath Penalty Debate Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pagescontroversial debate over the death penalty has been going on for a very long time and still has no conclusive solution. In the United States that is, most of the rest of the civilized world has done away with the death penalty a long time ago. Many people have different views on this issue. Although, there is a consensus that heinous murders need to be severely punished, there is no consensus on the choice of that punished. The debate over the proper punishment lies between the death penalty and lifeRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisonsRead More The Death Penalty Debate Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesThe Death Penalty Debate The issue of the death penalty is widely disputed. So disputed that maybe I shouldn’t have picked this topic. But nevertheless, the death penalty is an issue that needs to be addressed. Should the death penalty be abolished from our criminal justice system? Well, that depends on whom you ask. If you ask me†¦ no. I personally don’t see anything wrong with the death penalty because there are a lot of criminals that are just too dangerous to society and death is the onlyRead MoreThe Death Penalty Debate Essay746 Words   |  3 PagesThe Death Penalty Debate To kill or not to kill. That is the question. Some people think it is wrong; however, a close look into the matter will show it is the right thing to do. The Bible states thou shall not kill but it also states an eye for eye. The death penalty is the worst and most deserved punishment for those who choose to take a life. There is no excuse for a life to be taken; therefore, the murderer should be punished to the full extent. Imagine a lovedRead MoreThe Debate Over Death Penalty1618 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Reiner Writing 39C 7/20/16 Debates over Death Penalty in the United States The issue of death penalty today is a popular topic for numerous public and scholarly discussions. The death penalty has a long and distinguished history in the United States, as it has been around in some form—either official or otherwise—since the beginning of American society. America originally adopted the British justice system, with hundreds of crimes being punishable by death. Slowly but surely, states beganRead MoreThe Death Penalty Debate Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThe death penalty seems to be a very debatable subject. There are arguments and support for both sides of the debate, but which side is right? That is a tough question to ask. After reading the article in the textbook, two other articles, and looking at statistics, I seem to feel that the death penalty may not be the right answer. The article in the textbook The Death Penalty in the United States and Worldwide was fairly informative. One of the points it brought up was the cost of life without

Essay Online Spatial Delivery System

Question: Write an essay onOnline Spatial Delivery System. Answer: Introduction Online Spatial Delivery System (OSDS) has to be migrated to a cloud provider. The most applicable model to execute the same is Platform as a Service (PaaS). PaaS provides the platform and environment to build the applications upon the same. Each and every entity plays a crucial role and a phased approach needs to be followed for achieving the best results out of them. Remote Administration Remote Administration is the act of handling and processing the system from any of the remote locations (cbigconsulting.com, 2016). The use of Remote Administration is however, discouraged owing to the shortcomings that it comes with. There are multiple tools that do not scale properly. It becomes tedious for the administrators to simultaneously work upon the network with varied speeds and that too in a secure manner. Multi-platform support is another issue that is seen with the implementation of Remote Administration in the architecture. Organizations make use of different operating systems such as Linux, Windows, iOS and many other and all of them need to be supported in an efficient manner. Mobile devices are also being used by most of the organizations and the OS of those devices need support too. Use of varied tools and devices with different platforms and operating systems is difficult to manage by the remote administrator. Regulatory requirements such as encryption, authentication and access controls also appear as an issue in the implementation of remote administration (sans.org, 2016). Resource Management Resource Management is the second components for OSDS that is required for successful implementation and migration of the services and applications on the cloud. There are multiple resources across various departments that are associated with OSDS. The key resources are as listed below. Business owners Database admin and team Operations head and team Development team Design team Network team Network admin Support and maintenance team DSI needs to develop strategies to efficiently mannage resources and other departments. The basic step in achieveing the same is to find answers to the following list of questions. Is there an already implemented resource tagging strategy in place? What is the internal resource management team that is associated with DSI and how does it link to the overall company model? What is the process that is used in the allocation of resources to a particular project or department? Are there required metadat and service instances available or need to be included? SLA Management SLA is a term for Service Level Agreement and it is a written legal contract that is agreed upon and signed between the service user and the service provider. A service along with all of its aspects is formally defined in this contract. There are a certain particular aspects such as scope, quality and responsibilities that are present in SLA in complete detail. One of the most important feature that is present in SLA is an agreed-upon delivery time. For OSDS, it will also include the time it would be required to completed migrate the services and applications on the cloud provider and also the details on every phase. This would be in terms of percentage that is how much percent of the entire service will be completely migrated in a specified time period. Other details that are defined in SLA are Mean time to failure (MTTF), Mean time between failures (MTBF) and Mean time to repair or recovery (MTTR). It would help in the identification os the parties that would be responsible for han dling the failures and dealing with the costs associated with the same. Levels in SLA Management Shared resources is a phenonmenon that is common in case of cloud computing. The most applicable SLA level in case of OSDS would be at the service level (Bose et al., 2011). The following factors play a major role in designing of SLA for OSDS: The services that have been agreed upon between DSI and the cloud provider Supply chain management team Accurate assignment of roles and responsibilities to the resources Complete analysis of the cost and description for each of the component Broad level flow chart highlighting the critical features Performance indicators (mitsm.de, 2016) Service Levels Agreements are output based in nature which means that the results that will be recived by the customers would be the subject and source of the agreement. The (expert) service provider can demonstrate their value by organizing themselves with ingenuity, capability, and knowledge to deliver the service required, perhaps in an innovative way. OSDS can also explain the details and specifications of these services agreed with the provider in a specification document. The major services and details that will be covered in the SLA for OSDS would be as listed below: Primary resposible source for all the services along with the secondary points of contact. What all services will be covered? What would be the time constraints that would apply on these services? Will there be any extrenal entities that would be required in the service Completion? What will be the design that would be followed and will it apply to all the services or on a particular section of services? For every service, the contribution ot be made by DSI and the one to be done by the cloud provider would also be contracted to avoid the disimilarties and differences in opinions later on. Application Resilience Every application has a set of critical and high on priority requirements. OSDS also has a set of the same which are termed as High Availability (HA) requirements. There needs to be a step-by-step approach to be developed for the complete execution of such requirements. The strategy would include the following: A fault tolerant application in cloud that would help in maintenance of availability and reliability of the services Adherence to the guidelines Applicable and required data storage options Architecture of cloud Data Storage Backup Storing and managing the huge data is a task in itself and there are Big Data tools that can be utilized for this purpose (Goes, J. 2016). There is database named NoSQL for performing this task and it also provides additional features such as easy visualizations, flexibility and creation of reports. Predictive analysis on the data to correctly manage and store the same is also possible through NoSQL (Pentaho, 2016). Mongo DB, Elasticsearcg, CouchDB, AmazonSimpleDB and Terrastore are some of the NoSQL databases that provide good storge and indexing features (Big Data Made Simple - One source. Many perspectives., 2014). Disaster Recovery Disaster Recovery (DR) comes in to the picture when the attack or any such event takes place and the data needs to be recovered. These are the measures that should be adopted to avoid the risks at the first place and recover from the same. Preventative Measures for firsthand security like use of antivirus, firewalls and deployment of physical security guards fall under this one. Reactive They are the ones that are adapted once the event already takes place. Detective Measures such as intrusion detection and motion detection fall in this category of countermeasures Administrative These are used to make the processes adhere to the defined guideleines. DR, as already stated is the set of processes that is used to recover as much data as possible and is required for maintenance and management of the same. DR would allow the recovery process to be enabled in multiple locations (Kiblin, 2011). Many strategies are present to have an application recovered (aws.amazon.com, 2016). Cloud for disaster recovery is a viable option for DSI both from the financial perspective and from the control perspective as well (Dix, 2016). Conclusions Opportunities and Risks OSDS needs the components as Remote adminstration, SLA management, data storage and back up along with the disaster recovery during its migration to a cloud provider. Remote administration suffers from a few drawbacks related to scalability and multi-platform support. Resource management is necessary for accurate utilization of resources and their skills. Critical requirements, data storage and recovery also play an important role for OSDS. Cloud suffers from certain potential and probable risks as well that mainly revolve around data protection and information security. These risks include loss of data, accessing of the data by an unauthorized user, denial of services, attack of malicious software, spoofing, phishing and inadequate due diligence. Such risks possess a threat to the confidentiality, integrity and authneticty of the information, Use of authorizations measures along with proper access controls are mandatory to protect the data belonging to OSDS. The data associated is private and confidential in nature and the landing of the same in unauthorized hands could be extremely adverse for DSI. ("Risks of cloud computing | Queensland Government", 2016). References Bose, S., Pasala, A., Ramanujam A, D., Murthy, S. and Malaiyandisamy, G. (2011). SLA Management in Cloud Computing: A Service Provider's Perspective. Cloud Computing, pp.413-436. Big Data Made Simple - One source. Many perspectives. (2014). A deep dive into NoSQL: A complete list of NoSQL databases. Business.qld.gov.au. (2016). cbigconsulting.com, (2016). Dix, J. (2016). Cloud computing causing rethinking of disaster recovery. Goes, J. (2016). How to choose a NoSQL analytics system. Innotas. (2016). Project Resource Management Benefits | Innotas. Interoute. (2016). What is PaaS?. mitsm.de, (2016).